Department of Botany
The department of botany was established in the year 1962, the first and foremost was headed by Sri. P. B. V. Raju, he worked for several years later headed by great personalities vise, Sri. J. Bharathi Devi, Dr. B. K. Raju, Sri. V. J. Raju, Dr. M. K. Lakshmi, Dr. C. V. Raju and Dr. S. Radha, and all other faculty Smt. V. Visalakshi, Smt. G. Ratnamala, who were worked as lecturers. Many dedicated teachers of the department inculcated value based botanical knowledge coupled with wisdom and skills to the learners during the past decades. From time to time new programmes were introduced to cater the needs of students. Currently Dr. V. Lakshminarayana, leading as in charge of the department and also blessed three lecturers with three doctorates and three APSET qualified faculty are Dr. B. Dileepu kumar, Sri. P. Sanyasirao and Dr. K. Prasanna Lakshmi. The department offering U. G. programme such as B. Z. C, later on U.G. (Honours) single major programme i.e., B.Sc., (Botany – Hon’s. by Research) from the academic year 2023-24 as per the NEP-2020 regulations. The department offers courses of classical as well as modern branches of Botany to make work ready graduates and entrepreneurs. The departmental library is provided with more than one thousand reference books based on subject and also maintenance the personal library and two well established laboratories with full fledged equipment as well. We have excellent botanical garden with Medicinal, Ornamental and Wild plants supplying for the practical work and also have more than 1500 specimens in the museum with well organized herbarium racks. The faculty members practicing various pedagogical tools for the over-all development of the students as per the college motto – ‘Student First’. ICT facility is available for both staff and students in the department; it is engaged with the student–centered activities like field visits, seminars, workshops. The department aims to provide a green lung for the inhabitants of Vizianagaram. Gradually it became a dynamic and vibrant department
Vision
To be a center of excellence for plant and microbial sciences
Mission
To generate knowledge and produce researchers, leaders and graduates in various fields of plant and microbial sciences and biotechnology capable of providing solutions to industrial, health, agricultural and environmental challenge
CORE VALUES
- Professionalism and ethics
- Transformative education and research.
- Team work and partnership
- Environmental Sustainability and food security
- Equity and inclusiveness
Programme | Intake | Major | Minor | Complementary Corse | Syllabus |
B. Sc. (Hon’s) |
61 |
Botany |
Botany | Skill Courses, Multi Disciplinary Courses and Environmental Education | Download |
V. Lakshminarayana
- UGC- SAP (BSR) Fellowship Awardee for the Ph.D. Programme during 2012-2014.
- B.G.S. Rao Memorial Award for the Best Ph.D. Thesis in BOTANY in the faculty of Science for the year 2014 from Andhra University.
B. Dileepu Kumar
- Young Scientist Award in the International Scientist Awards on “Engineering, Science and Medicine” Organized by VD GOOD Professional Association (INSO AWARDS-2022)
- Patents: 03
K. Prasanna Lakshmi
- UGC- SAP (BSR) Fellowship Awardee for the Ph.D. Programme during 2010-2012.
INFRASTRUCTURE/ FACILITIES
The departmental library is provided with more than one thousand reference books based on subject and also maintenance the personal library and two well established laboratories with full fledged equipment as well. We have excellent botanical garden with Medicinal, Ornamental and Wild plants supplying for the practical work and also have more than 1500 specimens in the museum with well organized herbarium racks.
List of equipments:
S. No. | Name of the Instrument | Number |
1. | pH Meter | 2 |
2. | Chromatography Chamber | 2 |
3. | LCD Projector | 1 |
4. | Cork Borer Set | 1 |
5. | Glass Desiccator | 1 |
6. | Digital Balancer | 2 |
7. | Visible Spectrophotometer | 2 |
8. | Autoclave stainless steel 12 portable | 2 |
9. | Hot air universal oven | 1 |
10. | Bacteriological Incubator (Double Walled) | 1 |
11. | Laminar Air Flow | 1 |
12. | Inclined Monocular Microscope | 2 |
13. | Clinical Centrifuge, Angle Rotor Head | 2 |
14. | Digital Calorimeter with 8 Filters | 1 |
15. | Student Microscopes | 30 |
16. | Humidifier | 1 |
17. | Chap Cutter | 1 |
18. | Streaming Drum | 1 |
19. | Sprayer | 1 |
20. | Thermometer | 10 |
21. | Rain Gauge | 1 |
22. | Samsung Refrigerator | 1 |
Graduate Attributes (GAs)
The Graduate Attributes (GAs) reflect particular qualities and abilities of an individual learner including knowledge, application of knowledge, professional and life skills, attitudes and human values that are required to be acquired by the graduates of Maharajah’s College. The graduate attributes include capabilities to strengthen one’s professional abilities for widening current knowledge and industry-ready skills, undertaking future studies for global and local application, performing creatively and professionally, in a chosen career and ultimately playing a constructive role as a socially responsible global citizen. The Graduate Attributes define the characteristics of learners and describe a set of competencies that are beyond the study of a particular area and programme.
The GAs
- Continue life-long learning as an autonomous learner
- Continuously strive for excellence in education
- Apply and nurture critical and creative thinking
- Promote sustainable development practices
- Promote co-operation over competition
- Balance rights with responsibilities
- Understand and respect diversity & difference
- Not be prejudiced by gender, age, caste, religion, or
- Use education as a tool for emancipation and empowerment of humanity
Programme Outcomes (PO’s)
PO No. | Component | Outcomes |
PO 1 |
Basic Knowledge | Understanding of Plant Diversity and its importance in the maintenance of ecological balance. |
PO 2 |
In-depth Knowledge | Students learn to carry out practical work, in the field and in the laboratory, interpreting plant morphology and anatomy, Plant identification, Vegetation analysis techniques |
PO 3 | Critical thinking and Problem-Solving abilities | Apply the knowledge of basic science, life sciences and fundamental process of plants. |
PO 4 |
Research aptitude and global competency | Apply modern techniques and instruments for Biochemical estimation, Molecular Biology, Biotechnology, Plant Tissue culture experiments, cellular and physiological studies of plants with an understanding of the applications in human life. |
PO 5 | Research aptitude and global competency | Ability to develop a research aptitude and apply knowledge to find the solution of burning research problems in the concerned and associated fields at global level. |
PO 6 | Holistic and Multi- disciplinary education | Ability to gain knowledge with the holistic and multi-disciplinary approach across the fields. |
PO 7 |
Skills enhancement | Learn specific sets of disciplinary or multidisciplinary skills and Advanced techniques and apply them for betterment of mankind. |
PO 8 | Leadership and Teamwork abilities | Ability to learn and work in a group and capable of leading a team even. |
PO 9 | Ethical thinking and Social awareness | Inculcate the professional and ethical attitude and ability to relate with social problems. Learn important aspects associated with environmental and human health. Ability to develop eco-friendly technologies. |
PO 10 | lifelong learning skills and Entrepreneurship | Ability to learn lifelong learning skills which are important to provide better opportunities and improve quality of life. Capable to establish independent start-up/innovation center etc. |
PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)
PSO No. | Programme Specific Outcomes |
PSO1 | Critical evaluation of ideas and arguments by collecting relevant information about the plants, so as to recognize their position in the classification systems and at phylogenetic level |
PSO2 | Students will be able to access the primary literature, identify relevant works for a particular topic, and evaluate the scientific content of these works and they can also do practically |
PSO3 | Students will be able to compare and contrast the morphological and anatomical characteristics of the different groups of plants such as algae, fungi, bryophytes, Pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms including their anomalies. |
PSO4 | Students can identify the various pathogens causes to common plant diseases with and their control measures |
PSO5 | Students will be able to use the evidence of comparative biology to explain how the theory of evolution offers the only scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life on earth ,plant growth and development |
PSO6 | Students will be able to explain how Plants function at gene, genome, molecular cellular, tissue level metabolic processes and growth and development |
PSO7 | Students will be will be able to relate the physical features of the environment to the structure of populations, communities, and ecosystems and also knows value and demand of sustainability in forming systems for food safety and security . |
PSO8 | Students will be able to conceive the idea of reproduction of plants plant breeding along with reproductive methods in plants, production of new varieties and comprehensive knowledge on tools and techniques in plant breeding and also conceive the idea of artificial propagation of plants via vegetative methods and to find a livelihood via establishing miniature plant nurseries. |
PSO9 | Students will be able to establish entrepreneurship units for self employment, in fields of tissue culture , mushroom culture, Nursery development Floriculture and Organic forming. |
Research
1. Dr. V. Lakshminarayana
- Bangaru Naidu Thaddi and Lakshmi Narayana Vadama etal. Deciphering Genotype-specific Hormonal Responses: Implications for Enhanced Callus Induction and Regeneration in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). African Journal of Biological Sciences. 4(4):738-762, 2022.
- Prasanna Lakshmi K, Lakshmi Narayana V. and G.M. Narasimha Rao. In- Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Salicornia brachiata (Roxb.) Against Selected Pathogens. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. Vol. 4(12):1286- 1294, 2015.
- V. Lakshmi Narayana and G.M. Narasimha Rao. Ethnoveterinary Practices and Phytochemical Analysis of some Selected Medicinal Plants from North Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India. Indian Journal of Applied Research. Vol. 5(9):455-457, 2015.
- V. Lakshmi Narayana and G.M. Narasimha Rao. Plants used in Ethnoveterinary Medicine by Tribals of Visakhapatnam and Vizianagaram Districts, Andhra Pradesh, India. International Journal of Pure and Applied Bioscience. Vol. 3(2):432-439, 2015.
- V. Lakshmi Narayana and G.M. Narasimha Rao. “Ethnoveterinary Practices in Northcoastal districts of Andhra Pradesh. India. Journal of Natural Remedies. Vol. 13(2):109-117, 2013.
- V. Lakshmi Narayana and G.M. Narasimha Rao. “Traditional Veterinary Medicinal Practices in Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh. India. Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences. Vol. 4(3):476-479, 2013.
- V. Lakshmi Narayana and G.M. Narasimha Rao. “Folk Medicines for Treating Livestock in Vizianagaram district of Andhra Pradesh. India. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science and Technology. Vol. 2(3):142-146, 2013.
- G.M. Narasimha Rao., V. Lakshmi Narayana and B. Niranjana Reddi. “Distribution and composition of halophytes at Vainateyam estuary, Andhra Pradesh. Plant Science Research. Vol. 34(1&2):97-98, 2012.
- Prayaga Murthy, P., Padal, S.B., Rama Krishna, B., Srinivasa Rao, D. and Lakshmi Narayana, V. “Ecological aspects of weed flora of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) fields of Visakhapatnam District, A.P, India”. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences. Vol. 1(6):30-38, 2011.
- B. Sujatha and V. Lakshmi Narayana. “Protein content and Amylase activity in germinating seeds of Pigeon pea (Millspaugh) under lead stress”. Journal of Phytological Research. Vol. 23(2):343-347, 2010.
- B. Sujatha., B. Priyadarshini and V. Lakshmi Narayana. “Stomatal changes in response to lead stress during seedling growth of Pigeon pea (Millspaugh)”. International Journal of Mendel. Vol. 27(1-2):15-16, 2010.
- Dr. V. Lakshminarayana, An overview and implications of intellectual property rights (IPRs) – in “Importance of Intellectual Property Rights in Research and Entrepreneurship. Raja Rammohun Roy National Agency, 286-290: 2023.
BOOK CHAPTER
1. One Book Chapter Published by Apple Academic Press (AAP) in Volume-II of PHYTOCHEMISTRY, entitled: Plant Species Utilized for Ethnoveterinary Practices in India, Page Numbers: 105-128, 2018.
2. Dr. B. Dileepu Kumar
1. K. Sambasiva Rao, M. Mallikarjuna Rao, M.Sulakshana, B. Dileep Kumar and A.J Solomon Raju 2015. Morphometric analysis Floral rewards and floral calendar of the Dwarf Honey bee, Apis florae F. In Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, India. Advances in pollen spore Research Vol.XXX111 (2015):115-207.Today & Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi – 110002. ISBN NO: 81-7019-445-8.
2. B. Rajesh, M.Sulakshana, M.Mallikarjuna Rao and B.Dileep Kumar 2015. Pollination Ecology of Acanthus ilicifolius (Acanthaceae). Journal of Palynology Vol.51 (2015): 81-96. Today and Tomorrow’s Printers & Publishers, New Delhi – 110002 (India). ISBN NO: 81-7019-445-8.
3. A.J.Solomon Raju, B.Usha Rani, M.Sulakshna, B.Dileep Kumar and M.Mallikarjuna Rao and Ch.Prasada Rao 2016. A Study on Morphology and Feeding Ecology of the Blister Beetle, Mylabris pustulata Thunberg (Coleoptera: Meloidae). Advances in pollen spore research Vol. XXXIV (2016): 127-137. Today &Tomorrow’s printers and publishers, New Delhi – 110002. ISBN NO: 81-7019-445-8.
4. Dileep Kumar.B, Prakasha Rao.K, K.Lohitasyudu 2017. Distribution and Diversity of Halophytes at Bhavanapadu, Andhra Pradesh. Indian Journal of Applied Research. Vol-7 Issue-3 ISSN-2249-555X IF: 4.894 IC Val: 79.96 March-2017.
5. Dileepu Kumar.B, Sandhya Deepika. D, Solomon Raju A.J 2017. Reproductive Biology of the Hill Glory Bower, Clerodendrum infortunatum L. (Lamiaceae). Annali Di Botanica. Ann.Bot.(Roma), 2017, 7: 43-56. ISSN NO: 2239-3129.
6. B. Dileepu Kumar, D. Sandhya Deepika & A.J.Solomon Raju Reproductive Ecology of the Semi-Evergreen tree Vitex negundo (Lamiaceae). Phytologia Balcanica 23(1): 39-53, Sofia, 2017. Print ISSN NO; 1310-7771; Online ISSN NO: 1314-0027.
7. Banisetti.Dileepu Kumar Reproductive Ecology of Some Tropical Plant Species of Lamiaceae. Advances in pollen spore Research Vol. XXXV (2017):1-80. Today& Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi – 110002. ISBN NO: 81-7019-445-8.
8. B.Dileepu Kumar, D.Sandhya Deepika and A.J.Solomon Raju 2018. Reproductive Ecology of Premna latifoilia L. and Premna tomentosa willd. (Lamiaceae). Journal of Threatened Taxa. ISSN NO: 0974-7907 (Online); ISSN NO: 9074-7893 (Print).
9. Dr.S.Radha, Dr. B.Dileep Kumar, Ch. Shyam Kumar and P. Sanyasi Rao 2018. The Effect of Magnetic Field on Vigna radiate (Phaseolus) Seedling Growth. International Journal of Advance Research in Science and Engineering. ISSN No (Online): 2319-8354; ISSN No (Print): 2319-8346.
10. Rashda Zafar, Solomon Raju A.J. and Dileepu Kumar.B – 2018. Floral Biology and Carpenter bee Pollination in Calotropis gigantea and Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae). Journal of Palynology 54(2018): 85-99. Today & Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi – 110002. (India). ISSN No: 0022-3379. Vol. 54 (85-99) (January – December-2018).
11. Solomon Raju A.J, Sambasiva Rao.K and Dileepu Kumar.B – 2018. Myrmecophily in the annual weed, Euphorbia dracunculoides Lamk. (Euphorbiaceae). Journal of Palynology 54(2018): 135-147. Today & Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi – 110002. (India) ISSN No: 0022-3379. Vol. 54 (135-147) (January – December-2018).
12. Aluri Jacob Solomon Raju, Banisetti Dileepu Kumar, Kunuku Venkata Ramana- 2018. Pollination ecology of a rare prostrate herb, Rhynchosia capitate (Heyne ex Roth) DC. (Fabaceae) in the Southern Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh, India. Species ISSN No: 2319-5746 & EIS SN No: 2319 – 5754, Vol. 19, (91-103) 2018.
13. Solomon Raju A.J, Venkata Ramana K, Suvarna Raju P, Dileepu Kumar B, Lakshminarayana G, Sravan Kumar S – 2019. Traditional food and medicinal uses of Cycas sphaerica Roxb. and Cycas beddomei Dyer (Cycadaceae). Species ISSN No: 2319-5746, EIS SN No: 2319-5754, Vol. 20, (24-27) 2019.
14. Jacob Solomon Raju Aluri, Suvarna Raju Palathoti, Dileepu Kumar Banisetti and Sravan Kumar Samareddy – 2019. Pollination Ecology Characteristics of Barringtonia racemose (L.) Spreng. (Lecythidaceae). Transylv. Rev. Syst. Ecol. Res. 21.3 (2019), “The Wetlands Diversity”. Print ISSN No: 1841-7051, Online ISSN No: 2344-3219.
15. Aluri Jacob Solomon Raju, Kunuku Venkata Ramana, Banisetti Dileepu Kumar – 2019. Pollination Ecology of the Coastal Pantropical hermaphoroditic shrub Scaevola taccada (Goodeniaceae) Phytologia Balcanica 25(2): 191-202, Sofia –2019. (International Paper).
16. Solomon Raju AJ, Lakshminarayana G, Ch. Prasada Rao, Dileepu Kumar B, Santhi Kumari M, Prasad KBJ, Divyasree M, Suneetha Rani T – 2020. Pollination and fruit dispersal in the Fragrant Screw Pine, Pandanus odorifer (Forssk.) Kuntze (Pandanaceae). Species ISSN No: 2319-5746 & EISSN NO:2319-5754. Vol : 21, Issue: 67, 2020.
17. Solomon Raju AJ, Lakshminarayana G, Ch. Prasada Rao, Dileepu Kumar B, K. Venkata Ramana, Santhi Kumari M, Prasad KBJ – 2020. Break-down of sphingophily and its affect on sexual reproduction in Crinum latifolium L. (Amaryllidaceae), a dry season bloomer in the Araku valley of northern Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh. Species ISSN No: 2319-5746 & EISSN NO:2319-5754. Vol : 21, Issue: 67, 2020.
18. Ch. Shyam Kumar and Dileepu Kumar Banisetti – 2021. “A review on phytochemical and pharmacological activities of some ethnomedical plants used by tribal and folk peoples of Andhra Pradesh in animal health care.” International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry. 2(2), 2021. 42 – 49.
19. S.Radha, Nagendra Prasad Kosuri, Dileepu Kumar Banisetti-2022, Ethanobotany and Intellectual Property Rights: Balancing Access, Benefit Sharing, and Traditional Knowledge ProtectionInternational Journal of Food and Nutritional Sciences,Vol; 11, Issue:4, Print ISSN: 2319-1775, Online ISSN; 2320-7876, UGC CARE Listed (Group-I) Journal Volume:11, Issue -4, 2022. (28-12-2022)
20. Hari Krishna Ponduru, Chandra Sekhara Rao Gurubilli, Sowmya Mudunuru, Dileep Kumar Banisetti – 2023 “Green Synthesis of nanoparticles from Biodegradable waste extracts and their applications” International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry,Vol:4 Issue:3 (46-54), Online ISSN: 2582-7723.
21. Dileepu Kumar Banisetti, Nagendra Prasad Kosuri-2023 “Ethanobotanical research in the digital age; Harnessing technology for data collection and analysis” International Journal of Indigenous herbs and drugs Vol:8, Issue:4 (1-6), Online ISSN: 2456-7345.
3. Sri. P. Sanyasi Rao
1. Dr. S. Radha, Dr. B. Dileep Kumar, Ch. Shyam Kumar and P. Sanyasi Rao 2018. The Effect of Magnetic Field on Vigna radiate (Phaseolus) Seedling Growth. International Journal of Advance Research in Science and Engineering. ISSN No (Online): 2319-8354; ISSN No (Print): 2319-8346.
4. Dr. K. Prasanna Lakshmi
1. Prasanna Lakshmi, K. and Narasimha Rao, G. M. 2009. Some Numerical Studies on Marine Algae of Visakhapatnam Coast.Journal of Algal Biomass Utilization, Vol. 1(1-2): pp. 60-85.
2. Prasanna Lakshmi, K. and Narasimha Rao, G. M. 2011. Antimicrobial Activity of Suaeda monoica (Forsst ex Geml) against Human and Plant Pathogens. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences, Vol. 4(2): pp. 680-685.
3. Prasanna Lakshmi, K. and Narasimha Rao, G. M. 2014. Effect of Seaweed Fertilizer on Seed Germination and Productivity of some Vegetable Crops. Seaweed Research andUtilization, Vol.36 (1&2), pp. 78-83
4. PrasannaLakshmi, K., NarasimhaRao, G. M. and LakshmiNarayana, V. 2015.In-vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Salicornia Brachiata (Roxb.) against Selected Pathogens. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 4(2): pp. 1286-1294.
5. Narasimha Rao, G. M., Prasanna Lakshmi, K. and Raja Sree R. 2023.Studies on Seasonality of Marine Algae at Appikonda, Visakhapatnam District, East Coast of India. Scholers Academic Journal of Biosciences. Vol. 11(8): pp. 272-274.
6. Prasanna Lakshmi, K. and Narasimha Rao, G. M. 2023. Antimicrobial Screening of the Solvent Extracts of Halophytic Plant Suaeda maritima (L.) Demort. Against Selected Pathogens. Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences., Vol. 11(9): 315-322.
7. Prasanna Lakshmi, K. and Narasimha Rao, G. M. 2023. Antimicrobial Activity of Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) Against Selected Pathogens. Haya: The Saudi Journal of Life Sciences, Vol. 8(9): 161-168.
8. Prasanna Lakshmi, K. and Narasimha Rao, G. M. 2023. In Vitro Bioactivity of Halophytic Plant Heliotropium curassavicum L. against Selected Pathogens. Haya: The Saudi Journal of Life Sciences, Vol. 8(10): 196-201.
9. Prasanna Lakshmi, K. and Narasimha Rao, G. M. 2023. Antimicrobial Screening of the Solvent Extracts of Marchantia polymorpha against some Pathogenic Strains. Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences., Vol. 11(11): 385-388.
10. Prasanna Lakshmi, K., Reshmi Chatterjee and Narasimha Rao, G. M. 2024. Seasonal Abundance of Phytoplankton Populations in Gosthani River near Bhimili, Andhra Pradesh, India. Haya: The Saudi Journal of Life Sciences, Vol. 9(9): 365-368.
11. Abhishek K., Prasanna Lakshmi, K., Mukul B., Pranabesh G., Reshmi Chatterjee and Narasimha Rao, G. M. 2024. Ethanobotanical use of Commelina in gastrointestinal disorders. The Biobrio., Vol. 11(3&4), 1210-1215.
Books:
1. Title: B.Sc., First Year Botany- Paper-1, Microbial Diversity, Cryptogams and Gymnosperms, School of Distance Education Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. Year of Publication: 2018, Total Chapters: 32, Author for 5 Chapters in this book
2. Title: B.Sc., First Year Botany Practical Manual- Paper-1, Microbial Diversity, Cryptogams and Gymnosperms, School of Distance Education Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. Year of Publication: 2018, Total Chapters: 13, Author for 5 Chapters in this book
3. Title: B.Sc., Second Year Botany- Paper-2, Anatomy, Embryology, Taxonomy & Medicinal Botany, School of Distance Education Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. Year of Publication: 2019, Total Chapters: 31, Author for 6 Chapters in this book
4. Title: B.Sc., Third Year Botany- Paper-3, Cell Biology, Genetics, Ecology & Biodiversity, School of Distance Education Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. Year of Publication: 2020, Total Chapters: 32, Author for 2 Chapters in this book
5. Title: B.Sc., Third Year Botany- Paper-4, Physiology, Tissue Culture, Biotechnology, Seed Technology & Horticulture, School of Distance Education Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. Year of Publication: 2020, Total Chapters: 32, Author for 5 Chapters in this book
Dr. V. LAKSHMINARAYANA
Asst. Professor & Head
Dr. DILEEPU KUMAR BANISETTI
Assistant Professor
Sanyasirao Patnala
Assistant Professor